Tuesday, May 14, 2013

Defining Literacy


    Although it is well established that there is a 'problem' with public education in America, there is no consensus as to what caused it: is a lack of funding for critical academic programs? Or is it because many parents don’t help their children with their schoolwork? Erica Goldson, who graduated Coxsackie-Athens High School in 2010, argues in her valedictorian speech that the root of the problem lies in a current overemphasis on standardized testing. "We are so focused on a goal, whether it be passing a test, or graduating as first in the class. However, in this way, we do not really learn. We do whatever it takes to achieve our original objective." (Goldson) To become valedictorian, Ms. Goldson had to give up learning for the sake of her objective; the almighty 'A'. Non-valedictorians must also do 'whatever it takes' if they want to achieve their original objective, which, according to Ms. Goldson, is usually "to get out [of school] as soon as possible." (Goldson). This means that pursuing their passions, whether in the areas of literature, music, technology or the sciences, must take second seat to their schoolwork. For Ms. Goldson, the tragedy in this is that schools are failing to give their students a proper education; by forcing their students to adopt a "whatever it takes" mentality, they suppress their natural propensity towards intellectual inquiry. But the success of Ms. Goldson and others like her seems to contradict this idea; if some students are able to finish public school with an education, why can’t others?
            Peg Tyre, author of "The Writing Revolution", argues that public schools fail to educate students by not teaching them how to write analytically. Backing her claim is the success story of New Dorp High School, a formerly failing public school on Long Island that succeeded in improving its graduation rate from 63% to 80% between 2009 and 2011. Observing that its worst students were usually the least adept at expository writing, New Dorp’s principal changed the curriculum to make analytic writing a central component of every subject, from science and mathematics to history and english. Students were taught "how to turn ideas into simple sentences, and how to construct complex sentences from simple ones by supplying the answer to three prompts - but, because and so." (7) Once they had mastered the basics of sentence construction, they were taught "how to recognize sentence fragments, how to pull the main idea from a paragraph, and how to form a main idea on their own." (7) Although the program is ostensibly a "rigid, unswerving, formula", it worked: from 2009 to 2011, New Dorp's passing rates on the English Regents exams jumped from 69% to 80%, and its passing rates on the Global History Regents shot from 64% to 75% (3). These statistics support the idea that analytical writing is a critical skill for any student's education. Although this may be the case, it is certainly not the whole picture. Erica Goldson would argue that, despite an improvement in passing rates on the regents, students were still not really learning, and the unless New Dorp stopped ‘teaching to the test’, it would continue to fail to educate its students.Both authors are trying to answer the question of what, exactly, students need in order to succeed within the education system. But neither Goldson nor Tyre can hope to find the answer without understanding what schools are supposed to be teaching in the first place.
    Paolo Freire, a writer best known for his work teaching Brazilian peasants, believes that schools aren't supposed to teach using any form of rote memorization, or lessons that involve a lecture, because these teaching methods create a disconnect between the lesson and the real world; something Freire refers to at “narration sickness” (368). Instead of immersing students in the world they are supposed to be learning about, the imperative of the lecture "leads the students to memorize mechanically the narrated content." People, places, and events, become discrete facts embedded in the matrix of the test they are taught towards, and students' minds become "receptacles to be "filled" by the teacher." (368) Because of this, public education becomes reduced to a series of business-like transactions:
Education thus becomes an action of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat. This is the "banking" concept of education, in which the scope of action allowed to the students extends only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits. They do, it is true, have the opportunity to become collectors or cataloguers of the things they store. But in the last analysis, it is the people themselves who are filed away through the lack of creativity, transformation, and knowledge in this (at best) misguided system. For apart from inquiry, apart from the praxis, individuals cannot be truly human.
                                (368-9)
Like Erica Goldson, Freire believes that the education process provides negative feedback upon a student's willingness and ability to learn, which is inherently dehumanizing; if the best that students can aspire to do with the information they receive is collecting and cataloguing it, they have been gravely underserved. The daily transactions of lessons to be received, memorized, and repeated, serve to wear down the primal urge that all humans share to discover everything they can about the world around them. If Freire’s assertion holds true, then we cannot fix our education system without levelling the playing field; a greater level of communication must be established between teachers and their students, both in and out of the classroom.
    There is one instance, in my mind, where such communication has happened, which is between Ian Downing, a high school senior at Humanities Prep, and myself. For the past several weeks, I have tutored Ian on writing his PBAT, an essay that is prerequisite to his graduation, and we have often talked together on Skype before and after our Thursday afternoon tutoring sessions. Halfway through the month of April, Ian had not yet written the introduction to his paper, when the final draft was due the first week of May. When we sat down together that Thursday, I held my breath. How are we going to get this done in time? If we didn't do any writing that day, there would be no way he would finish his work by the deadline. I scribbled down a skeleton outline for the introductory paragraph, before sliding the paper over to him and explaining the process step by step. "Your first sentence is the hook; the statement, as in-your-face and controversial as you can make it, that will get your readers interested. In the second and third sentences, you expand the idea in question and give the readers a taste of why the issue is complicated - opposing sides of the 'debate', and so on. Your last sentence is the 'thesis' - the platform on which the rest of your paper will stand." I looked him in the eye and asked: "Are you up for it?" Ian nodded his head. "Sure, I can do it."
    Ten, fifteen, then twenty minutes passed. I kept trying to surreptitiously glance over at his work, but he kept turning the computer screen away from me. When he finally turned the computer around, what I read was even more than I'd dared hope for: he used an analogy to introduce his topic ("Our current economy is like an outfield in baseball. There is such a large area to cover and only three people available to do so.") Building on the analogy, he made the argument that a lack of economic diversity in the U.S. poses a significant risk to the middle and lower classes. He pointed out that the government bailouts of the banking and auto industries were largely ineffective in stimulating economic growth, and argued that greater economic strength would come from the encouragement of small businesses:
Because the government does not prioritize these [small] businesses, they are not only taking a gamble with little industries, but are not motivating small business owners to grow enough to become major sources of income.
Everything I would expect of a college-level paper, I found in this first draft of the introduction. It did need editing, but it showed me that my student had a firm grasp on the fundamentals of good writing. Although I would need to continue to push him to write more, and to expand and challenge his ideas, I did not need to pretend that this was a remedial English class. When I recently asked Ian via Skype what he thought the most helpful things I'd done with him in tutoring were, he listed my helping him with his intro as number one; "since I didn't know what to write for it exactly." Moreover, the second most helpful thing was "seeing your reaction to my paper each week, it kept me really motivated to write more." It seems as if what Ian needed from me was not a lesson on how to write a paper, but rather he needed me to teach him specific tools he could use to better express his ideas. As far as I can tell, Humanities Prep does a good job of educating students like Ian who take the time and effort to apply the lessons they learn in school in their everyday lives. However, Humanities prep is a high school that a. uses the New York Regents exam system and b. is a public school whose curriculum appears to match Freire's description of "The Banking Concept of Education." I doubt that Ian was able to Skype with any of his high school teachers, and certainly not on a regular basis. I can also assume that he didn’t have any tutors before me, as all students from humanities prep in this program were graduating seniors. So if Humanities Prep doesn’t emphasize teacher-student communication, as Freire prescribes, then why is its program still effective?
What Freire misses, in his attack on banking education, is that there are some things that have to be learned by rote. Freire assumes that ‘creativity, knowledge, and transformation’ occur spontaneously, which is patently untrue; students cannot learn without the proper intellectual tools. In the context of literacy, those tools include proper spelling, punctuation, and grammar usage. These tools require rote memorization, because they cannot be permanently impressed into a student’s mind after the first exposure. This is why Peg Tyre takes pains to point out that New Dorp’s success came from the fact that it abandoned the predominant theory of teaching literacy, which held that knowledge was “caught, not taught” (Tyre). Schools that subscribed to this theory, which included most public schools throughout the 1900’s, typically gave kids interesting, social, creative-writing assignments where their work would be shared, under the assumption that kids would “catch” what they needed to become successful writers. What this theory forgot, much to the detriment of public school students, was formal instruction in grammar, sentence composition, and essay writing. Although this theory works for some kids, it doesn’t work at all for kids who are unable to catch anything from their home environment, namely, kids who grow up in poverty, or who had weak early instruction, or have learning disabilities. These kids never learn how to write an essay, and New Dorp high school had a lot of students who fell under this category.
To develop students’ analytical skills, New Dorp’s program used classroom discussion to teach the socratic method. When students speak in class, they were required to use specific prompts, "I agree/disagree with ___ because...", "I have a different opinion...", "I have something to add..." and "Can you explain your answer?" (Tyre). This form of structured speaking turned classroom discussions into opportunities for classmates “to listen to each other, to think more carefully, and speak more precisely, in ways they could then echo in persuasive writing.” (Tyre) By doing this, New Dorp’s revamped curriculum was developing its students’ ability to translate lessons learned in the classroom into real-world actions, or what Sylvia Scribner refers to as ‘functional literacy’. According to writer Sylvia Scribner, functional literacy is defined as "the level of proficiency necessary for effective performance in a range of settings and customary activities." (9) By extension, Sylvia argues, functional literacy also applies to the ability to use computers and other now-commonplace technologies, which are forms of "second-order literacy" (11). In other words, literacy is the ability to use tools and concepts that you know to learn something that you don't yet know. This is why Erica Goldson credits her education largely to her 10th-grade English Teacher, Donna Bryan, who taught her how to open her mind and "ask questions before accepting textbook doctrine." (Goldson) Knowing how to ask questions before accepting doctrine is part of learning how to learn, which is exactly what functional literacy entails.
Paolo Freire would be against the concept of functional literacy, because he believes that literacy programs are intended to teach textbook doctrine - not to enable students to question it. If the banking concept of education is true, then the teacher’s role is "to regulate the way the world ‘enters into’ the students", instilling in them a mindset where they must become complacent with the unsavory aspects of the world, rather than attempt to change them. This implies that functional literacy is essentially a brainwashing tool used by those in power to maintain the status quo (373):
The more completely the majority adapt to the purposes which the dominant minority prescribe for them (thereby depriving them of the right to their own purposes), the more easily the minority can continue to prescribe. The theory and practice of banking education serve this end quite efficiently. Verbalistic lessons, reading requirements, the methods for evaluating "knowledge," the distance between the teacher and the taught, the criteria for promotion: everything in this ready-to-wear approach serves to obviate thinking.

Literacy is a notion prescribed by a minority to define what the majority of society should know, and how they should respond behaviorally to given situations. Students themselves are deprived of the right to self-determination in terms of what they learn, and what career choices are made available for their pursuit. Per Freire, this is accomplished by putting up an artificial social barrier between teachers and students, which takes the form of required readings and ultra-specific forms of testing, shoehorning nearly everyone into the same, narrow, education spectrum. This is an accusation that toes the definition of a conspiracy theory; our own government, which is one of the most stable, cohesive forms of government today, is so divided that there are factions within political factions - especially among the wealthy. No real, historical conspiracy has ever been executed as flawlessly as Freire imagines the ‘banking concept.’ Using Occam’s razor, which states that the simplest explanation for a phenomenon is often the one that’s correct, we may assume that any grave errors in our education system are due either to incompetence or to well-intentioned, albeit misguided, initiatives.
It must be conceded that there is a certain ready-to-wear approach that the government has used over the past few decades, which can be seen most recently in the No Child Left Behind Act. That is what (likely) Freire is reacting to in this passage; such top-down education reform acts tend to do more harm than good because they allow no room for flexibility at the level of the school districts. The attitude that ‘what’s good for some is good for all’ fails, because not everyone learns the same way.
    One barrier to real education reform is coming up with an operational (read: measurable) definition of functional literacy. Because literacy is a social convention, it may have different connotations in different contexts. For example, although economics is not widely taught as a core subject, compared to history, literature or mathematics, I believe that it should be. During one tutoring session in April, when Ian and I first began to work on the body arguments of his PBAT, I noticed that although he had a cogent argument, there was a major logic gap between his argument that a lack of economic diversity would cause the downfall of the middle class and his main piece of evidence, which was that Apple, Inc. and other major tech companies played too large a role in the U.S. economy.  I stopped reading to point out the error. "You've got a great idea, here, Ian, but your discussion about Apple has nothing to do with it... at least nothing your readers will pick up on their own." Ian frowned a little and nodded as he re-read the passage. "Uh-huh." I backtracked in case I had hurt his feelings. "That's not to say you shouldn't talk about Apple at all; just not right here." I explained that he needed to find a numerical way to compare individual companies, as well as their respective industries, to the overall economy. Ian gave me a puzzled look; "And... how do I do that?" Both of us fell silent for a minute. Neither of us had taken any real economics courses, and my only grounding in the subject came from the fact that my mother is a lawyer who represents major firms on Wall Street. After a minute or two,I blurted out "Let's find out how much money Apple and other big companies make in yearly revenues, and then compare that to the U.S.'s GDP. That'll give readers the sense of perspective that you're trying to convey." This ad-hoc solution worked, but it bothered me that we had any difficulty figuring it out. Both of us should have at least had some idea of what numbers to analyze besides GDP and company annual revenues. Knowing how and why you get paid a certain salary, and where that money gets spent - both in retail and on taxes - is as necessary an intellectual tool as writing itself. Thankfully, although I was unable to help Ian produce a paper worthy of Paul Krugman’s critique, we were able to both satisfy the requirements of the paper and learn something new along the way, thanks to adequate research. That tutoring session impressed upon me that, whether or not economics becomes part of the ‘common core’ standards, the ability to effectively research a topic online is a form of functional literacy that everyone should master.
There are too many schools, and too many teachers, for any comprehensive education reform plan to be feasible. The public education system is simply too large for any single curriculum, or any one test, to be applicable to all students; one size simply cannot fit all. But there are guidelines that can help individual teachers and principals decide on what is best for their pupils. Peg Tyre's analytical writing program could help show students how to learn, when they might not otherwise know how to. Paolo Freire's model of liberating education could help give an education to students who may have given up on learning, due to extrinsic factors. Erica Goldson’s speech could help introduce newcomers to the national, and global, education forum. Lastly, Ian Downing’s term paper could help teachers realize that, besides reading ability alone, functional literacy is something that must be taught before anyone can do it themselves. The sheer number of moving parts involved in the education system is staggering, but it should not discourage anyone’s attempts to fix the parts that are broken. Like any organic system, if one teacher comes up with an effective solution for a given problem, other teachers will copy him or her. The same applies at any level, be it the principals of various high schools, or the administrators of different school districts; no one is alone in their attempt to better teach the next generations. But anyone attempting to start their own education crusade would do well to remember that inertia can come from the students themselves, and that one would do well to ask their permission before starting any new kinds of pedagogical movements. Per Erica Goldson; “We will not accept anything at face value. We will ask questions, and we will demand truth.” (Goldson)



Works Cited
Freire, Paolo. "The “Banking” Concept Of Education." Dwc.edu. Daniel Webster College. 11 May 2013 <http://faculty.dwc.edu/wellman/Friere.htm>.
Goldson, Erica. "Here I Stand." America Via Erica. Blogger.com. 11 May 2013 <http://americaviaerica.blogspot.com/2010/07/coxsackie-athens-valedictorian-speech.html>.
Scribner, Sylvia. "Literacy In Three Metaphors." 11 May 2013 <http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true>.
Tyre, Peg. "The Writing Revolution." The Atlantic. The Atlantic. 11 May 2013 <http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/10/the-writing-revolution/309090/>.

Saturday, May 11, 2013

WIC Essay 2 Draft I


WIC Final Essay D.1
Cameron Beaudreault
4/29/13

Although it is well established that there is a 'problem' with public education in America, there is consensus as to where the root of the problem lies: is it due to a lack of funding for various programs? Is it because American mothers aren't as good as 'tiger mothers'? Or worse; is it because the curriculum itself is either too hard, or too boring, for students to understand? Erica Goldson, who graduated Coxsackie-Athens High School in 2010, argues in her valedictorian speech that the current emphasis on standardized testing effectively discourages learning. "We are so focused on a goal, whether it be passing a test, or graduating as first in the class. However, in this way, we do not really learn. We do whatever it takes to achieve our original objective." (cite) To become valedictorian, Ms. Goldson had to give up learning for the sake of her objective; the almighty 'A'. Non-valedictorians must also do 'whatever it takes' if they want to achieve their original objective, which, according to Ms. Goldson, is usually "to get out [of school] as soon as possible." Peg Tyre, author of "The Writing Revolution", argues that the main problem is that students are often unable to write analytically. Backing her claim is the success of New Dorp High School, a former failing public school on Long Island that managed to improve its graduation rate from 63% to 80% between the academic years of 2009 and 2011. Based on the observation that the worst students were usually the least capable of expository writing, New Dorp's program made analytic writing a central component of every academic subject, from science and mathematics to history and english. Children were taught "how to turn ideas into simple sentences, and how to construct complex sentences from simple ones by supplying the answer to three prompts - but, because and so." (cite) Once they had mastered the basic mechanics of sentence construction, they were taught "how to recognize sentence fragments, how to pull the main idea from a paragraph, and how to form a main idea on their own." (cite) Although the program is ostensibly a "rigid, unswerving, formula", it worked: in the same time period between 2009 and 2011, New Dorp's passing rates on the English Regents exams jumped from 69% to 80%, and its passing rates on the Global History Regents shot from 64% to 75% (cite).  Although Peg Tyre has statistics to back her claim that poor writing makes for a poor education, Erica Goldson has the personal experience - and her grades - to back her claim that an overemphasis on testing makes for a bad education. Regarding the question of where, exactly, are students disenfranchised from the learning experience, perhaps the answer lies somewhere between the two.
In the great education debate, there is often a common thread of seeking to place the blame of failure upon one party or another, most commonly either on the teachers or the students themselves. Paolo Freire, a writer best known for his work teaching Brazilian peasants how to heighten their critical consciousness, argues that the blame lies with the teacher-student relationship, which suffers from "narration sickness". By fault of its lecture-oriented style, the teacher turns reality into something that is "motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable." (368) Instead of immersing students in the world they are supposed to be learning about, the imperatives of the lecture "leads the students to memorize mechanically the narrated content." People, places, and events, become discrete facts embedded in the matrix of the test they are taught with in mind, and students' minds become "receptacles to be "filled" by the teacher." (368) Because of this, the very mission statement of public school changes from encouraging intellectual inquiry and self-empowerment (as its creators intended) to reducing education to a series of transactions:
Education thus becomes an action of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat. This is the "banking" concept of education, in which the scope of action allowed to the students extends only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits. They do, it is true, have the opportunity to become collectors or cataloguers of the things they store. But in the last analysis, it is the people themselves who are filed away through the lack of creativity, transformation, and knowledge in this (at best) misguided system. For apart from inquiry, apart from the praxis, individuals cannot be truly human. Knowledge emerges only through invention and reinvention, through the restless, impatient, continuing, hopeful inquiry human beings pursue in the world, with the world, and with each other.
(368-9)
Like Erica Goldson, Freire believes that the education process provides negative feedback upon a student's willingness and ability to learn, which is inherently dehumanizing; if the best that students can aspire to do with the information they receive is collecting and cataloguing it, they have been gravely underserved. The daily transactions of lessons to be received, memorized, and repeated, serve to wear down the primal urge that all humans share to discover everything they can about the world around them. If what Freire asserts holds true, then we cannot fix our education system without levelling the playing field: students must be allowed to be the teachers from time to time, and teachers in turn must become the students. In order for this to take place, it is implied, a greater level of communication must be enabled between the two parties - both in and out of the classroom.
There is one instance, in my mind, where this exact level of communication takes place, which is between Ian Downing, a high school senior at Humanities Prep, and myself. For the past several weeks, I have tutored Ian on writing his PBAT, an essay that is prerequisite to his graduation, and we have often talked together on Skype before and after our Thursday afternoon tutoring sessions. Halfway through the month of April, Ian had not yet written the introduction to his paper, when the final draft was due the first week of May. When we sat down together that Thursday, I held my breath. How are we going to get this done in time? If we didn't do any writing that day, there would be no way he would finish his work by the deadline. I scribbled down a skeleton outline for the introductory paragraph, before sliding the paper over to him and explaining the process step by step. "Your first sentence is the hook; the statement, as outlandish and controversial as you can make it, that will get your readers interested. In the second and third sentences, you expand the idea in question and give the readers a taste of why the issue is complicated - opposing sides of the 'debate', and so on. Your last sentence is the 'thesis' - the platform on which the rest of your paper will stand." I looked him in the eye and asked: "Are you up for it?" Ian nodded his head. "Sure, I can do it."
Ten, fifteen, then twenty minutes passed. I kept trying to surrepititiously glance over at his work, but he kept turning the computer screen away from me. When he finally turned the computer around, what I read was even more than I'd dared hope for: he used analogy to introduce his topic ("Our current economy is like an outfield in baseball. There is such a large area to cover and only three people available to do so.") Building on the analogy, he made the argument that a lack of economic diversity in the U.S. poses a significant risk to the middle and lower classes. He pointed out that the government bailouts of the banking and auto industries were largely ineffective in stimulating economic growth, and argued that greater economic strength would come from the encouragement of small businesses:
"Because the government does not prioritize these [small] businesses, they are not only taking a gamble with little industries, but are not motivating small business owners to grow enough to become major sources of income."
Everything I would expect of a college-level paper, I found in this first draft of the introduction. It did need editing, but it showed me that my student had a firm grasp on the fundamentals of good writing. Although I would need to continue to push him to write more, and to expand and challenge his ideas, I did not need to pretend that this was a remedial English class. When I recently asked Ian via Skype what he thought the most helpful things I'd done with him in tutoring were, he listed my helping him with his intro as number one; "since I didn't know what to write for it exactly." Moreover, the second most helpful thing was "seeing your reaction to my paper each week, it kept me really motivated to write more." It seems to me that, if students and their regular teachers were to use similar routes of communication (either via skype or elsewhere online), the rapport would both help motivate students to do the work assigned them, as it helped Ian, and it would encourage students to take their intellectual inquiry above and beyond the scope of their classes.

Writing In Community Final Essay, Draft 2



Defining Literacy

Although it is well established that there is a 'problem' with public education in America, there is no consensus as to what caused it: is a lack of funding for critical academic programs? Or is it because many parents don’t help their children with their schoolwork? Erica Goldson, who graduated Coxsackie-Athens High School in 2010, argues in her valedictorian speech that the root of the problem lies in a current overemphasis on standardized testing. "We are so focused on a goal, whether it be passing a test, or graduating as first in the class. However, in this way, we do not really learn. We do whatever it takes to achieve our original objective." (Goldson) To become valedictorian, Ms. Goldson had to give up learning for the sake of her objective; the almighty 'A'. Non-valedictorians must also do 'whatever it takes' if they want to achieve their original objective, which, according to Ms. Goldson, is usually "to get out [of school] as soon as possible." (Goldson). This means that pursuing their passions, whether in the areas of literature, music, technology or the sciences, must take second seat to their schoolwork. For Ms. Goldson, the tragedy in this is that schools are failing to give their students a proper education; by forcing their students to adopt a "whatever it takes" mentality, they suppress their natural propensity towards intellectual inquiry. But the success of Ms. Goldson and others like her seems to contradict this idea; if some students are able to finish public school with an education, why can’t others?
            Peg Tyre, author of "The Writing Revolution", argues that public schools fail to educate students by not teaching them how to write analytically. Backing her claim is the success story of New Dorp High School, a formerly failing public school on Long Island that succeeded in improving its graduation rate from 63% to 80% between 2009 and 2011. Observing that its worst students were usually the least adept at expository writing, New Dorp’s principal changed the curriculum to make analytic writing a central component of every subject, from science and mathematics to history and english. Students were taught "how to turn ideas into simple sentences, and how to construct complex sentences from simple ones by supplying the answer to three prompts - but, because and so." (7) Once they had mastered the basics of sentence construction, they were taught "how to recognize sentence fragments, how to pull the main idea from a paragraph, and how to form a main idea on their own." (7) Although the program is ostensibly a "rigid, unswerving, formula", it worked: from 2009 to 2011, New Dorp's passing rates on the English Regents exams jumped from 69% to 80%, and its passing rates on the Global History Regents shot from 64% to 75% (3). These statistics support the idea that analytical writing is a critical skill for any student's education. Although this may be the case, it is certainly not the whole picture. Erica Goldson would argue that, despite an improvement in passing rates on the regents, students were still not really learning, and the unless New Dorp stopped ‘teaching to the test’, it would continue to fail to educate its students.Both authors are trying to answer the question of what, exactly, students need in order to succeed within the education system. But neither Goldson nor Tyre can hope to find the answer without understanding what schools are supposed to be teaching in the first place.
Paolo Freire, a writer best known for his work teaching Brazilian peasants how to heighten their critical consciousness, believes that schools aren't supposed to teach using any form of rote memorization, or lessons that involve a lecture, because these teaching methods create a disconnect between the lesson and the real world; something Freire refers to at “narration sickness” (368). Instead of immersing students in the world they are supposed to be learning about, the imperative of the lecture "leads the students to memorize mechanically the narrated content." People, places, and events, become discrete facts embedded in the matrix of the test they are taught towards, and students' minds become "receptacles to be "filled" by the teacher." (368) Because of this, public education becomes reduced to a series of business-like transactions:
Education thus becomes an action of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat. This is the "banking" concept of education, in which the scope of action allowed to the students extends only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits. They do, it is true, have the opportunity to become collectors or cataloguers of the things they store. But in the last analysis, it is the people themselves who are filed away through the lack of creativity, transformation, and knowledge in this (at best) misguided system. For apart from inquiry, apart from the praxis, individuals cannot be truly human.
(368-9)
Like Erica Goldson, Freire believes that the education process provides negative feedback upon a student's willingness and ability to learn, which is inherently dehumanizing; if the best that students can aspire to do with the information they receive is collecting and cataloguing it, they have been gravely underserved. The daily transactions of lessons to be received, memorized, and repeated, serve to wear down the primal urge that all humans share to discover everything they can about the world around them. If Freire’s assertion holds true, then we cannot fix our education system without levelling the playing field; a greater level of communication must be established between teachers and their students, both in and out of the classroom.
There is one instance, in my mind, where such communication has happened, which is between Ian Downing, a high school senior at Humanities Prep, and myself. For the past several weeks, I have tutored Ian on writing his PBAT, an essay that is prerequisite to his graduation, and we have often talked together on Skype before and after our Thursday afternoon tutoring sessions. Halfway through the month of April, Ian had not yet written the introduction to his paper, when the final draft was due the first week of May. When we sat down together that Thursday, I held my breath. How are we going to get this done in time? If we didn't do any writing that day, there would be no way he would finish his work by the deadline. I scribbled down a skeleton outline for the introductory paragraph, before sliding the paper over to him and explaining the process step by step. "Your first sentence is the hook; the statement, as in-your-face and controversial as you can make it, that will get your readers interested. In the second and third sentences, you expand the idea in question and give the readers a taste of why the issue is complicated - opposing sides of the 'debate', and so on. Your last sentence is the 'thesis' - the platform on which the rest of your paper will stand." I looked him in the eye and asked: "Are you up for it?" Ian nodded his head. "Sure, I can do it."
Ten, fifteen, then twenty minutes passed. I kept trying to surrepititiously glance over at his work, but he kept turning the computer screen away from me. When he finally turned the computer around, what I read was even more than I'd dared hope for: he used an analogy to introduce his topic ("Our current economy is like an outfield in baseball. There is such a large area to cover and only three people available to do so.") Building on the analogy, he made the argument that a lack of economic diversity in the U.S. poses a significant risk to the middle and lower classes. He pointed out that the government bailouts of the banking and auto industries were largely ineffective in stimulating economic growth, and argued that greater economic strength would come from the encouragement of small businesses:
Because the government does not prioritize these [small] businesses, they are not only taking a gamble with little industries, but are not motivating small business owners to grow enough to become major sources of income.
Everything I would expect of a college-level paper, I found in this first draft of the introduction. It did need editing, but it showed me that my student had a firm grasp on the fundamentals of good writing. Although I would need to continue to push him to write more, and to expand and challenge his ideas, I did not need to pretend that this was a remedial English class. When I recently asked Ian via Skype what he thought the most helpful things I'd done with him in tutoring were, he listed my helping him with his intro as number one; "since I didn't know what to write for it exactly." Moreover, the second most helpful thing was "seeing your reaction to my paper each week, it kept me really motivated to write more." It seems as if what Ian needed from me was not a lesson on how to write a paper, but rather he needed me to teach him specific tools he could use to better express his ideas.  He already knew how to write a paper, and how to both research material for that paper and integrate what he learned into the 'big picture' topic. As far as I can tell, Humanities Prep does a good job ot educating students like Ian who take the time and effort to apply the lessons they learn in school in their everyday lives. However, Humanities prep is a high school that a. uses the New York Regents exam system and b. is a public school whose curriculum appears to match Freire's description of "The Banking Concept of Education." So why is its program still effective?
Perhaps the efficacy of an education program is not measured by what it does wrong, but by what it does right. What Goldson, Freire and Tyre all have in common is that they acknowledge that a school's success can be measured by what students are able to do outside of school. In a word, this can be boiled down to the concept of literacy. According to writer Sylvia Scribner, functional literacy is defined as "the level of proficiency necessary for effective performance in a range of settings and customary activities." (9) By extension, Sylvia argues, functional literacy also applies to the ability to use computers and other now-commonplace technologies, which are forms of "second-order literacy" (11). In other words, literacy is the ability to use tools and concepts that you know to learn something that you don't yet know. This is why Erica Goldson credits her education largely to her 10th-grade English Teacher, Donna Bryan, who taught her how to open her mind and "ask questions before accepting textbook doctrine." (cite) Knowing how to ask questions before accepting doctrine is part of learning how to learn, which is exactly what functional literacy entails.
There is some trouble with quantifying and measuring functional literacy, which makes it difficult to evaluate in a classroom setting. When Ian and I first began to work on the body arguments of his PBAT, he had written his first argument on the economic vulnerabilities caused by government reliance on major corporations for tax revenue. As I read what Ian had wrote, I noticed that although he had a cogent argument, that a large public debt would contribute to the downfall of the middle class, there was a major logic gap between his argument and his main piece of evidence, which was that Apple, Inc. and other related tech companies represented a disproportionately large chunk of the U.S. economy, I stopped reading to point out the error. "You've got a great idea, here, Ian, but your discussion about Apple has nothing to do with it... at least nothing your readers will pick up on their own." Ian frowned a little and nodded as he re-read the passage. "Uh-huh." I backtracked in case I had hurt his feelings. "That's not to say you shouldn't talk about Apple at all; just not right here." Drawing on what I knew, I explained to Ian that he needed to talk about other sectors of the economy, and to find a way to compare them to the economy as a whole. Ian gave me a puzzled look; "And... how do I do that?" Both of us fell silent for a minute. I didn't have the answer off the top of my head; I'm not an economist. Then, I blurted out "Let's find out how much money Apple and other big companies make in yearly revenues, and then compare that to the U.S.'s GDP. That'll give readers the sense of perspective that you're trying to convey." I knew where to look up a company's annual revenues, because I had worked at a hedge fund two summers back as a summer job. Even though that knowledge couldn't be considered a form of functional literacy, at least by societal standards, it was for Ian because his paper revolved around economics. In this instance, it was no big deal because I was able to help Ian find a solution to his problem. However, for other students working on their PBATs, they might not have learned how to find the information they need - or even what sort of information they're looking for. That tutoring session impressed upon me that internet research, in of itself, is a form of functional literacy that any student - any adult - needs to master.
Although functional literacy is, ostensibly, a good and necessary thing for a person to possess, Paolo Freire does not view it as such. According to Freire, the fact that the educator's role is "to regulate the way the world "enters into" the students" is reprehensible, for, following this same thought process:
The educated individual is the adapted person, because she or he is better "fit" for the world. Translated into practice, this concept is well suited to the purposes of the oppressors, whose tranquility rests on how well people fit the world the oppressors have created, and how little they question it. (373)
Cast in this light, the standard of functional literacy is a weapon used by the oppressors - those who maintain the system of Banking Education for their own gain - to keep the status quo. Those who comply by studying under Banking Education are, effectively, allowing themselves to be brainwashed because their mind, the way they interpret the world, is molded to better fit the world they have grown up in. Rather than changing the more unsavory aspects of the world, they are taught to 'just roll with it.' By contrast, liberating education teaches its students that they can change the world, and that - in fact- they are obligated to do so:
Students, as they are increasingly posed with problems relating to themselves in the world and with the world, will feel increasingly challenged and obliged to respond to that challenge. Because they apprehend the challenge as interrelated to other problems within a total context, not as theoretical question, the resulting comprehension tends to be increasingly critical and thus constantly less alienated. Their response to the challenge evokes new challenges, followed by new understandings; and gradually the students come to regard themselves as committed.
Peg Tyre would agree that Freire's concept of education, which promotes critical thinking in all domains of learning, is sound. However, she would disagree emphatically with the idea that functional literacy is a form of oppression used on high school students like those at New Dorp. In fact, one technique used at the school to develop students' analytical skills, developed by Judith Hochman, uses classroom discussion of canonical literature texts (in this case, Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman) to teach the socratic method. When students speak in class, they were required to use specific prompts, "I agree/disagree with ___ because...", "I have a different opinion...", "I have something to add..." and "Can you explain your answer?" Students in one particular English class got into a debate about why the protagonist, Willie Loman, was described as being tired in the opening scene. One student proposed that Willie was tired because he was old (63, according to the stage directions), while another student argued that he was tired because his job was very hard and required extensive travelling. A third student spoke out, "I disagree with those conclusions," he said, glancing at the prompts. "The way Willie Loman describes his job suggests that the kind of work he does is making him tired. It is repetitive. It can feel pointless. It can make your feel exhausted."
As Tyre relates, the class was silent for a moment, acknowledging that Robert had analyzed the scene and derived a fresh idea from his own experience. (9) Classroom discussions like these prompt students to continually ask  

Sylvia Scribner does not, however, believe that literacy is solely defined as functional literacy. In fact, like Freire, she proposes that literacy is also a form of power; although, historically, literacy has been used as a form of oppression by the ruling elites to maintain their social status, it has also been a powerful agent for societal change (12). Because illiteracy is, in America, largely endemic in marginalized groups such as the urban poor, especially african-americans and latino communities, increasing literacy within these communities could potentially be a catalyst for political and social change (12).

Paolo Freire proposes a method of teaching literacy that, in contrast to The Banking Concept of Education, emphasizes "acts of cognition, not transferrals of information." (372) Dubbed "Liberating Education", this model places teacher-student dialogue as a centerpiece of the learning experience, such that "the students - no longer docile listeners - are now critical co-investigators in dialogue with the teacher." (373) This, too, is another critical aspect of literacy; the ability to communicate what you know and what you think with those around you.

ENDING: There are too many schools, and too many teachers, for any comprehensive education reform plan to be feasible. The public education system is simply too large for any single curriculum, or any one test, to be applicable to all students; in this instance, one size does not fit all. But there are guidelines that can help individual teachers and principles decide on what is best for their pupils. Peg Tyre's analytical writing program could help show students how to learn, when they might not otherwise know how to. Paolo Freire's model of liberating education could help give an education to students who may have given up on learning. Sylvia Scribner's metaphors for literacy can help give educators insight on how to gauge a student's progress without resorting to written examination.
1. Propose the concept of asymmetrical testing
2. discuss the idea of allowing teachers to choose their own curricula, within a level of oversight similar to what clinical psychologists & psychiatrists face.

Works Cited
Freire, Paolo. "The “Banking” Concept Of Education." Dwc.edu. Daniel Webster College. 11 May 2013 <http://faculty.dwc.edu/wellman/Friere.htm>.
Goldson, Erica. "Here I Stand." America Via Erica. Blogger.com. 11 May 2013 <http://americaviaerica.blogspot.com/2010/07/coxsackie-athens-valedictorian-speech.html>.
Scribner, Sylvia. "Literacy In Three Metaphors." 11 May 2013 <http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true>.
Tyre, Peg. "The Writing Revolution." The Atlantic. The Atlantic. 11 May 2013 <http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/10/the-writing-revolution/309090/>.

Wednesday, May 8, 2013

Psych. Evaluations & Their Treatment Plans



DIAGNOSTIC PSYCHIATRIC EVALUATION

Patient Name:     Macaroni, Ella

Date of Birth:     April 10, 1991

AGE:    16 Years

Date of Evaluation.     June 22, 2007

INFORMANTS:    Patient; and Biological Parents, Greg and Lila Macaroni

REFERRED BY:    Jonathan Abel

Evaluated by:     Jess P. Shatkin, M.D., M.P.H.


PRESENTING PROBLEM:
Chief Complaint:
"We're concerned about her lack of attention, moodiness, depression and lack of motivation.  She is disconnected, and there seems to be no sense of presence.  She seems like an observer, letting things happen to her.  Life seems to act on her, but Ella does not seem to act on life.  We also feel there is a disconnect between actions and consequences such that she doesn't seem to understand that not studying now will have a direct impact on her immediate future.  She also does not recognize her good fortune and is reluctant to commit to success.  Finally, she has a pattern of blaming others."

History of Present Illness:
Ella is 16 years of age female with a longstanding history of poor motivation and what parents describe as “disengagement and passivity.”  Her parents wish to have her evaluated because of these concerns in addition to poor academic functioning and what they believe may be depression.  Parents note that she is frequently lethargic and does not appear to express any passion for her daily activities.  Parents are frustrated with Ella's refusals to complete her school work, to plan effectively and demonstrate executive and organizational skills, and to "engage" in her life.  Parents report Ella suffers from poor self-esteem and a fear of success such that if she demonstrates her true ability, she fears she will always be expected to perform well, and life will become increasingly difficult.  She seems to look for confrontation, per parents, and will sacrifice herself in order to "win" an argument.  Parents report that the primary current stressor is likely to be her boarding school, St. Peter’s Academy.  Although Ella has been there for seven months, the adjustment has not been easy for her.  Her academic performance is also poor which is troublesome.  

Regarding mood, parents report that her mood is "stressed, depressed, moody and desultory."  Ella herself reported her mood as "okay" during her interview, but noted that she does often feel sad.  Neurovegetatively, she sleeps well, about 6-8 hours during the week nights and 10-12 hours on the weekend.  She has generally a poor appetite, although she reports having gained three pounds in the past three months.  Both parents and Ella report that she suffers from lethargy and poor energy but has difficulty with attention and concentration.  Ella's parents deny that she suffers from frank anhedonia, noting there may be a slight decrease in her enjoyment of every day activities.  Ella herself notes slightly more anhedonia, reporting that she is simply not passionate about anything at this point and does not get a great deal of pleasure out of her activities.  There is no reported hopelessness nor suicidal ideation.  Parents do report that Ella has expressed some passive death wishes in the past when angry.  There is no history of psychosis or mania.  

Parents do not view Ella as anxious, although on occasion she will become overwhelmed with anxiety.  Recently, for example, her mother misplaced her wallet while shopping, and Ella became very anxious and distraught.  There is no history of separation anxiety, panic or phobias.  Historically, Ella has reacted very strongly to certain foods and become nauseous and suffered from diarrhea at times.  Parents have wondered if there is a connection to anxiety.  All major medical explanations for the GI upset have been ruled out by the primary care practitioner.  No history of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder or social anxiety.  

Parents identify three symptoms of inattention, including being poorly organized, losing things frequently, and being easily distracted; but no other symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity or inattention were noted.  Parents endorse all eight of eight oppositional defiant features, such as frequently losing her temper, arguing, being angry frequently, defying parents' requests, blaming others for things that are her doing, purposely annoying others, being touchy or easily bothered, and spiteful and vindictive.  No history of conduct or legal difficulties.  No history of motor or vocal tics.  There is no evidence of pervasive developmental delay and no history of self-injurious behavior.  No history of eating disordered behavior. Parents report that she may have been traumatized by a couple of events. She was bitten by a dog at 3 years of age and had to go to the emergency room secondary to an elbow jam at 8 years of age; however, Ella reports no sequelae from these events, and parents are unable to identify any frank reactive symptoms.

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:
Her primary care practitioner is Ethan Rose at NYU last seen about one year ago.  No current treatment.  Ella has no history of head trauma, loss of consciousness or seizures.  No surgeries or hospitalizations.

PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY:
She has been seeing Jennifer Ree, an M.A. counseling trainee, since late fall.  She saw Frank Burges, M.D. once for an evaluation and was diagnosed with depression.  She was given medication, Prozac, by Dr. Burges, which she took for about four days but then discontinued.  The reasons for the discontinuation were not entirely clear.  Parents reported they were under the impression that Ella suffered a stomachache and so discontinued the medication in consultation with the acute care clinic at St. Peter’s.  Jennifer Ree reported that starting the Prozac coincided with a surprise visit from her sister, which was very upsetting, made her anxious, and may have promoted in some way the GI distress.  Ella herself reports that she discontinued the medication because it was making her feel more angry and irritable.  There was no manic agitation reported, no change in sleep, and Ella denied all symptoms of mania experienced when she took the medication.  No history of psychiatric hospitalizations.

MEDICATIONS:
None currently.

ALLERGIES:
No known drug allergies.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE:
Parents and patient deny alcohol, tobacco and drug use.

DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY:
Mother is P4, G3.  First pregnancy was a miscarriage. The patient is pregnancy #3. No difficulties with conception, gestation or delivery.  The patient was born by normal spontaneous vaginal delivery at full-term, six days late.  No assist was necessary.  Mother did take prenatal vitamins throughout the pregnancy but no other medications.  Mother had an occasional glass of wine throughout the pregnancy but reports her use was minimal.  No use of tobacco or drugs during the pregnancy.  Motor, language, toileting and social milestones were all met within normal limits.  No history of enuresis.

PSYCHOSEXUAL HISTORY:
Menarche was initiated at 11 years of age.  The last menstrual period was last week.  Parents note severe mood changes with Ella's periods such that prior to the onset of menstruation, she will become increasingly moody for a few days and will then continue to be “moody” for days into the menstruation.  The patient has never used oral contraception.  She denies being sexually active.  She had a boyfriend briefly who she kissed.  Boys are reportedly interested in her.  She had never seen an OB/GYN.

EDUCATIONAL HISTORY:
She is currently at St. Peter’s Academy in the tenth grade.  Kindergarten through ninth, she attended the Arrow school where she was an average to above-average student.  She was never suspended or expelled.  She never skipped or repeated a grade.  No learning disability was ever identified, although she was never tested.  No history of IEP or 504.  Currently her grades are passing, but in a few cases she is being quite academically challenged and is having some significant difficulties.  Her parents shared with me a letter written by Clive Owens, her Dean at St. Peter’s.  Mr. Owens reports that at the Winter Academic Review Committee, the faculty voted to place Ella on one week of academic restriction because of her grade of a 2 in chemistry and have now placed her on “year-end review” for three unsatisfactory grades.  Mr. Owens goes on to note that Ella must demonstrate progress in her attitude, effort, conduct and academic performance in order to remain at Andover next year.

FAMILY HISTORY:
Mother, Lila, is 51 years of age.  She denies all medical, psychiatric and substance abuse history.  Father, Greg, also 51 years of age, also denies medical, psychiatric and substance abuse history.  The oldest child, Norma, is 19 years of age.  She suffers from scoliosis.  The youngest child, Troy, is 12 years of age.  He has no reported difficulties.  Mother's mother, 78 years old, is possibly depressed, has a history of polio, alcohol abuse and tobacco abuse.  Greg’s mother, 75 years of age, suffers from Alzheimer's.  Both parents' fathers are reportedly alive and well.  Mother notes that she is the eldest of five children, that her first brother and first sister may both be depressed.  Father has one sibling, a brother, with no apparent history.

SOCIAL HISTORY:
The family lives in New York City.  Ella's hobbies include art, drawing, playing video games, enjoying being with the family, soccer, and squash.  Regarding discipline, parents report that they are not united on their approach, and it is often haphazard.  They find Ella difficult to motivate and inspire and note that their anger and threats only escalate her behavior.  There is no religious study in the family.  Mother is a chief marketing officer for a public relations company.  Father is an architect, self-employed.

REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:
Negative.

PHYSICAL/NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION:
Not indicated.

Lab work including CBC and thyroid panel were within normal limits. Free T4 was 1.0 and TSH was 2.06.  These labs were drawn on March 23rd.

COLLATERAL CONTACTS:
I spoke to Mr. Owens on March 20th.  He indicated that much of Ella's difficulties have to do with procrastination and overcoming a hurdle of perfectionism.  He reported, "She critiques herself so severely that she always feels insufficient.  Socially, she on the way to becoming comfortable here.  Much of the problems she suffered in the fall had to do with social functioning.  She is not a social outcast but does not seem to have strong social contacts at this time.  In terms of academics, she has produced some high-quality work when pushed, but the difficulty lies more in completing the work.  Chemistry was a particular problem with her, perhaps because of a personality conflict with the teacher who is very strict.  Generally, I observe her as being hunched over and withdrawn, more than joyful and bubbly.  I have heard from her teachers that she can be stubborn, does not listen well and is sometimes quietly resistant."  Dr. Burges and I exchanged voice mails on 3/21/07 but were unable to speak.  She noted that when she saw Ella for evaluation on February 26, 2007, she found her to be quite depressed.  She prescribed Prozac 10mg with instructions to take one for five days and then double the dose; however, Ella went to the St. Peter’s acute care center after 3-4 days and complained of gastrointestinal distress.  The Prozac was discontinued.  She only had one visit with Dr. Burges.  I requested Dr. Burges’ evaluation but never received it.  I spoke with Jennifer Ree on March 22nd.  She reports seeing Ella since mid October.  Ella referred herself for a therapist, and Ms. Ree was assigned.  She reported that Ella came into therapy feeling "overwhelmed and upset, complaining mostly about social issues such as wanting to fit in and being preoccupied with how others would perceive her.  That has remained the focus of our work together.  If I did not have communication with teachers, I would not even know of Ella's academic difficulties." Since mid January, they have been meeting twice a week.  They are engaged in open-ended talk therapy, not CBT.  No diagnosis has been given.  Ms. Ree is a second year counseling student at the Graduate School of Education at Harvard.  Finally, I communicated with Rick Tortelio by e-mail on March 23, 2007.  He stated in his e-mail, "The thing is that Ella has to do her homework and her assignments on time.  Why this is not happening, I guess is the question.  She is a valuable student to the class and school, but when the teacher collects homework and papers, she has nothing to give him.  It puts a damper on her participation and engagement in the class and seems to start up a negative spin that can last over a few days until eventually she hands in something.  Then, the whole process starts over again on the next assignment."

RATING SCALES:
Ella completed a Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) scoring a total of 26 points, placing her at the 76th T-score or 2½ standard deviations above normal.

MENTAL STATUS:
Generally, Ella separated from her mother easily and engaged with me in my office for over an hour.  She was pleasant and had no difficulty discussing a full range of topics including school, home, and personal matters.  She was not resistant to our conversation and did not appear defended.  She maintained good eye contact.  She was dressed appropriately for her age.  Her hair continued to fall into her face throughout the session for which she apologized and commented on the need for a new haircut.  She was otherwise a well-developed, well-nourished, slender 16 years of age Caucasian female who appeared in no apparent distress and appeared her stated age.  She wore orthodontic braces.  Her behavior was normokinetic.  Her speech was of a regular rate, rhythm and normal volume.  Her mood she reported as "Okay…sad at times."  Her affect was pleasant, generally full, but tearful at times.  The topics around which she became tearful were not consistent but had much to do with being away at school or going back to school.  No perceptual disturbances were identified.  Thought processes were linear and goal directed.  Thought content was devoid of delusions and paranoia.  No suicidal or homicidal ideation.  Sensorium and cognition was grossly intact.  Judgment and insight appeared reasonably good.  Impulse control and reliability appeared good.

ASSESSMENT:
Ella is a 16 years of age female with a long history of opposionality and defiance at home and more recent negative mood, which seems to have worsened over the past 4-5 months.  She has been in therapy, which has made her feel better, but has not improved her symptoms.  She has longstanding difficulties with her parents and is the most difficult of the children at home to manage, but she has never engaged in any severely conduct disordered behavior.  She has had a difficult time adjusting socially at school and has few friends remaining from her years at Chapin.  She prefers to be at home with family and seems to have withdrawn more from friends and hobbies in the past six months.  She has received minimal treatment.



Patient: Ella Macaroni
DSM-IV Diagnoses:
Axis 1: Major Depressive Disorder & Oppositional Defiant Disorder; rule out PTSD, rule out Adjustment Disorder
Axis II: Rule out Learning D/O
Axis III: N/A
Axis IV: Ongoing difficulties at new boarding school (St. Peter's Academy)
Avis V: GAF = 55

Ella's two primary diagnoses, Depression and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, are the most pressing and well-established concerns that we will address in this treatment plan. Parents report eight out of eight persistent symptoms of oppositional and defiant behavior, which are corroborated by reports by patient's teachers. Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder include moodiness (irritability), depression and lack of motivation, anhedonia, poor appetite and slight weight gain, and inattention. Further evaluation is necessary to rule out the possibility of a learning disorder, regarding her poor performance in school, as she has never been tested before. Additional evaluation may be indicated in the future to rule out the possibility of P.T.S.D., as patient's parents report possible traumatization by 'a couple of events' in the patient's past. Although Ella displayed three symptoms of inattention (including poor organization, losing things frequently, and being easily distracted), no other symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, or inattention have been reported. As such, we may confidently rule out any diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Ella's depression appears to be moderate in severity, in that she sleeps well (about 6-8 hours on weekdays, and 10-12 hours on the weekend), and that although she has a poor appetite, she has gained three pounds in the last three months.
Treatment for Ella's Depression and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder are to go hand in hand. Jess Shatkin, M.D., writes in "Treating Child & Adolescent Mental Illness" that, regarding O.D.D., "Addressing concurrent problems, such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, and learning disorders, often considerably alleviates many of the disruptive behaviors." Given this, it may be safe to assume that addressing Ella's depression first and foremost will help minimize or even eliminate her oppositional behaviors towards her parents and teachers. It may be that Ella has suffered from depression for some time now (concurrent with the reportedly longstanding oppositional behaviors), which has only recently come to light. Corroboration evidence for this comes from the fact that Ella's maternal grandmother ('possibly depressed') has a history of alcohol and tobacco use, and that the mother's first brother and first sister also 'may both be depressed.' Although no definite diagnoses have been established for any of these family members, it may be inferred that symptoms of depression run in Ella's immediate family. Nonetheless, if treatment of depression does not lead to a remission in oppositionality, then Ella's O.D.D. may be treated as a standalone issue - a plan for which will be discussed later.
Psychotherapy Interventions:
It was noted in the psychiatric eval. that Ella has not received CBT for her depression, making a 12-14 week course of CBT strongly indicated at this time. The TADS study of 2004, funded by the NIMH, indicated that the best treatment response for depressed adolescents came from a combination of medication and behavioral therapy, and is the primary basis of my recommendation that Ella be treated with both a course of CBT and an SSRI other than Prozac.
Psychopharmacological interventions:
Additionally, we may consider attempting the use of a different SSRI, perhaps Sertraline, for short-term management of Ella's depressive symptoms. If Ella is a partial responder to Sertraline, then in the absence of any major negative side effects, augmentation with Buproprion or aripiprazole may be attempted. It should be noted that the combination of Buproprion and sertraline carries major risk of drug interactions, namably, an increase in risk of seizures and an increase in blood levels of sertraline, possibly increasing the risk of side effects. As with any combination of drug prescriptions, Ella should be closely monitored by a physician or psychiatrist during the course of this medication treatment.
Ella's parents are currently employed in stable, high-paying jobs (the mother is the marketing director for a public-relations firm, while the father is a self-employed architect), which indicates ample resources - money and insurance - with which to pay for treatment. Based on Ella's psychiatric evaluation, talk therapy with Jennifer Ree, an M.A. counseling trainee, has made Ella feel better, although it has not improved her symptoms of depression. Additionally, the 10mg Prozac prescription written by Dr. Frank Burges caused adverse mood and G.I. reactions, as self-reported by the patient, which makes it unlikely that either parents or patient will consider another attempt at using Prozac for management of depressive symptoms.
Additional psychopharm. treatments to consider:
Any consideration of 'stronger' treatments for Ella's depression should be viewed with extreme caution. In the course of treatment, if Ella fails to improve with her schoolwork and social functioning, tricyclic antidepressants may be tried, plus augmentation if a partial response is observed. Failing that, an MAOI may be used; if all else fails, electroconvulsive therapy may be used as a last resort. Any of these treatments should only be considered if there is a. no improvement following combined cognitive-behavioral therapy and SSRI medication and b. a lowering in GAF.
If Ella's oppositional-defiant behaviors do not improve despite an improvement in depressive symptoms, then they may be treated as stand-alone issues. Following Shatkin's recommendations in Treating Child and Adolescent Mental Illness, Multisystemic Therapy (MST) may be employed, in addition to the use of an antidepressant such as Abilify. If Ella were younger, Parent Management Training or Parent-Child Interaction Training might be employed, but as the patient is 16 y/o, she falls well outside of the age range where such interventions are indicated. Antipsychotics and other medications for O.D.D. are not indicated at this time, as Ella has no history of legal or disciplinary issues at school.
Educational/Academic interventions:
Academic interventions, such as a 504/IEP plan, may be considered at this time if, following testing, a learning disorder is diagnosed. Receiving extended time on exams, as well as having homework and assigned projects modified to her individual learning needs, could prove quite beneficial to Ella's education. However, it does not seem like this treatment path is likely to be needed; Ella's academic performance at The Arrow School between kindergarden and ninth grade was average to above average, and it is unlikely that any private school would miss any obvious learning disorders in that great span of time. In all likelihood, cognitive-behavioral therapy will help alleviate Ella's tendency towards procrastination and perfectionism, improving her school performance to the level that is expected of her at St. Peter's Academy.
Protective factors:
Ella has a number of protective factors working towards a favorable treatment outcome. Firstly, her family is willing and able to pay for any treatments that are indicated (given their employment). Secondly, she was an average/above average student at her previous school, and is receiving passing grades at her current school. Thirdly, although some of her family members may have had major depressive disorder or dysthymia, none of them were so affected by it as to cause any hospitalizations or suicide attempts. Lastly, Ella has never had legal or disciplinary troubles at school as a result of her oppositionality. All of the above seem to indicate that, given the interventions recommended above, Ella may see a dramatic, sustained improvement in her social and academic functioning.
Timeline of treatment:
1. 10 week course of Sertraline for management of core symptoms of depression, plus augmentation with Buproprion if partial responder.
2. 12- to 14-week course of CBT for long-term management of depression
3. 5-week trial of TCA therapy if GAF continues to decline, with no response from SSRIs
4. Multisystemic therapy for treatment of O.D.D. if behavioral issues do not resolve following an improvement in symptoms of depression.


DIAGNOSTIC PSYCHIATRIC EVALUATION

Patient Name:    Lee, Andre

DATE OF BIRTH:    December 19, 1990

AGE:    15 Years

DATE OF EVALUATION:    May 16, 2006

INFORMANTS:    Patient and Biological Parents, Marie & Neil Lee

REFERRED BY:    Rob Canes, M.D.

Evaluated by:    Jess P. Shatkin, M.D., M.P.H.


PRESENTING PROBLEM:
Chief Complaint: Per Patient: "Recently I started dating this girl, and we decided that we love each other and want to get married.  In my head, I heard something say, ‘kill her.’  I had just nearly finished this book, House of the Spirits, by Isabel Allende, and after a while, the voice changed to ‘kill Amy,’ my girlfriend's name, not just ‘kill her.’  It hurts to think about it.  I have been having images of her dying in my arms.  I know that I would never do it because I love her.  Another voice says, ‘but you love her, cut it out!’  That is the good voice, and that's my voice".

Per Father, Neil: "I feel guilty because of language that I've used in the past with Marie.  I've had problems in the past, and I've started to internalize this stuff."  Per Mother, Marie: "I just didn't want to wait to see what is going on.  Andre is so in love.  He's afraid he's not worthy of his girlfriend.  He's always been very sensitive and over the past few years, a lot has happened.  For example, we've lost our apartment in Manhattan and moved to Queens.  I think that he's tired and depleted."

History of Present Illness: Andre is a 15 years of age white male who has had a recent upsurge in sadness over the last nine days prior to our visit with complaints initially of command auditory hallucinations telling him to kill his girlfriend.  He recently finished the book House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende and had not had any of these thoughts or experienced any of these images prior to reading the book.  Mother contacted Dr. Rob Canes, MD, a physician, with whom she worked in the past, and he recommended the evaluation here.  They requested an urgent evaluation.  On evaluation, Andre noted that he has had no symptoms of this sort in the past.  He stated that when he was younger, he had recurring dreams about his mother falling into a pit and dying, but no other such fearful images.  

He has had no change in his activities of daily living, i.e., his showering, eating, dressing, social activities and schoolwork continue to be coming along nicely.  He recently received a report card just a day or two before our appointment indicating some of the best grades he has ever received.  Mother reported she feels that Andre is simply exhausted and that this book is too intense for him and should have not been recommended by the school.  Although the patient initially reported auditory hallucinations hearing a male's voice and a whisper telling him to "kill her, kill Amy," he reports that he is now able to control the voice and stop thinking about it for extensive periods of time.  He reported feeling relieved during our appointment because he had not heard the voice in about half a day.  He stated, "I can block it, but I could hear it if I want to."  He described the voice as emanating from within inside his head.  He denied thought insertions, thought withdrawals, thought broadcasting and ideas of reference.  He denied visual, tactile and olfactory hallucinations.  He denied paranoia and suicidal & homicidal ideation.  Upon further questioning, he described the auditory hallucinations as voices within his head, then his own voice, and then ultimately as we continued to discuss the symptomatology, as his own voice and his own thoughts.  

He was quite often tearful during the evaluation.  He described that his mood is "guilty about having these thoughts.  I want to tell Amy that I love her.  I want to be honest with her and tell her that I'm having these thoughts."  Neurovegetatively, he has been sleeping about seven hours at night with perhaps more on the weekend.  He has had periods of time when he has only slept for about five hours at night, sometimes for weeks on end; but during these days, he stays up awake because he is doing schoolwork, and he will often nap for two hours during the middle of the day.  He has no difficulty falling asleep, describes a normal energy level, has a good appetite and good attention and concentration, and parents concur.  There is some moderate anhedonia over the past nine days secondary to guilt about his girlfriend, but no hopelessness.  He reported, "I don't think I'm depressed.  I've been the happiest I've ever been for the past four months since I met Amy."  There is no indication of manic symptoms.  He is now often staying up late to talk to his girlfriend on the phone and do his studies, but again still sleeping seven hours at least within each 24 hour period (including nighttime sleep and naps).  Otherwise, no increase in risk taking behavior, no change in talkativity, distractibility or goal-directed changes.  

Regarding anxiety, there is no history of somatic difficulties, phobias or separation anxiety.  He has reported one panic attack in the past 10 days, but none prior; and there is no fear of having another panic attack.  Regarding possible symptoms of obsessionality, he reports fear of his parents dying and the periodic fear of his mother falling into a pit or getting lost (e.g., his prior recurring dream as a child).  He stated with regard to his mother, "I feel I need to protect her.  I feel bad for her sometimes and that I'm losing time with her."  There were otherwise no ascertainable obsessive-compulsive symptoms.  

He denied symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant and conduct difficulties, and parents concurred.  He did have three episodes of shoplifting as a child, but there have been no sequelae from that.  No history of tics or Tourette's.  No evidence of pervasive developmental delays, self-injurious behavior, physical, emotional or sexual abuse, or eating disordered difficulties.

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY:
His primary care practitioner is Dr. Schwartz.  He last saw him about one year ago.  He is not currently receiving any treatment.  He had surgery and is status-post tonsil and adenoidectomy and a hernia repair.  He did have a febrile seizure at 4 years of age with loss of consciousness.  He had an EEG at that time and also six months later, which showed no abnormalities.  No history of head trauma.

PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY:
He has never seen a therapist, never been psychiatrically hospitalized, never been seen by a psychiatrist or been on any medication.

CURRENT MEDICATIONS:
Advil 400 mg p.r.n. for headache. He takes Advil about every two weeks.  No vitamins or herbal medications or dietary supplements other than Chinese tea he has been drinking with his girlfriend since about January.  He says he urinates more when he drinks the tea, but otherwise has no difficulties.

ALLERGIES:
No known drug allergies.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE:
The patient reported that he does not smoke tobacco, that he does not use drugs or alcohol.  He has tried alcohol on occasion with friends, but he has never used to any significant degree.  There is no history of other drug use or intravenous drug use.

PSYCHOSEXUAL HISTORY:    
He has never had sexual intercourse.  He has had a few girlfriends prior to Amy.  He and Amy have decided they will not have intercourse for at least a few years.  They are kissing and doing some petting.  No history of pregnancies or sexually transmitted diseases.  No reports of sexual malfunction.

DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY:
Mother is P5 G4.  The first pregnancy resulted in an abortion.  Andre is the fifth pregnancy.  He has three male siblings.  Mother reported she had gestational diabetes with all pregnancies.  She was insulin-dependent with up to 10 injections a day during her pregnancy with Andre.  She was not on bed rest, however.  She did not otherwise take any medication and did not use tobacco, alcohol or drugs during the pregnancy.  Motor, language and toileting milestones were all reportedly within normal limits.  


EDUCATIONAL HISTORY:
The patient is a tenth grader at Bates High School.  His grades, according to the April 2006 progress report that his mother gave me, range from 87 at a low to 95 at the high end, most grades falling within the 90s.  He has no history of repeating or skipping grades, no history of suspensions or expulsions, and no history of Special Education.  He has no 504 or IEP plan.  He is typically described as an A/B student.

FAMILY HISTORY:
Father, Neil, is 55.  He has a history of depression with psychosis approximately seven years ago.  He was treated with Wellbutrin, Risperdal, Mellaril and Haldol at various times.  He was ill for about three months but has had no difficulty since that time.  Mother, Marie, is 54.  She continues to have insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.  She was depressed subsequent to her husband's depression and was treated with Remeron and Wellbutrin for about six months.  Andre has three brothers.  Brian is 23 and has no reported difficulties.  Eddie, 26, has a seizure disorder, is currently on anticonvulsants, has made one suicide attempt, and was psychiatrically hospitalized as an adult for 7-10 days.  James, who is 29 and who has a history of anxiety, has been treated with medication in the past.  Both father and mother have first cousins with chronic paranoid schizophrenia; mother's is a first cousin once removed.  Mother also has a first maternal cousin with pervasive developmental delay or possibly Asperger's.  Father reports that he drinks alcohol off and on and has drunk up to 18 drinks a day.  He says he is currently drinking more and more, perhaps even almost every day.  He acknowledged trying to cut down.  He acknowledged being annoyed by others' comments about his drinking.  He denied guilt or ever having used alcohol as an eye opener.

SOCIAL HISTORY:
The family lives in Flushing in Queens.  The patient takes an express bus and a train to school daily.  They previously lived in Manhattan until one year ago.  They lost their apartment because it was lower income housing that was bought and changed ownership.  The patient's hobbies include playing on the computer, playing chess, and reading.  He has good friends.  He has had friends since first grade.  Amy is his first real girlfriend.  He was raised Jewish and had a Bar Mitzvah.  Neil, his father, teaches history at a public school.  Mother, Marie, is a nurse and teacher.  His social engagements are described as quite healthy.

REVIEW OF SYSTEMS:
Negative.

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION:
Blood pressure 122/70.  Pulse of 80 and regular.  Height 67".  Weight 216 pounds.  His head was normocephalic and atraumatic.  His neck was supple.  No lymph nodes were noted.  Chest exam was clear to auscultation.  No CVA tenderness.  Heart demonstrated SI and S2 auscultated, regular rate and rhythm with no murmurs, gallops or rubs.  Abdominal exam was nontender and nondistended.  Positive bowel sounds in all quadrants.  No hepatosplenomegaly.  Extremities showed no clubbing or edema.

NEUROLOGIC EXAM:
Cranial nerves II through VII were intact.  Pupils were equally round and reactive to light and accommodation.  Extraocular muscles were intact.  Motor exam 5/5 bilaterally throughout.  Tone was within normal limits.  No tremor.  Sensory exam was intact to soft touch bilaterally throughout.  Deep tendon reflexes were 2+ at the patella and brachium bilaterally.  Cerebellar exam was intact to rapid alternating motion and finger-to-thumb.  Gait within normal limits.  Negative Romberg.

MENTAL STATUS EXAM:
Generally, Andre was cooperative and friendly with the examination.  He was appropriately dressed and slightly husky, a bit overweight.  Otherwise he appeared healthy.  He was pleasant and easy to engage.  His behavior was normokinetic, but notable for crying frequently when talking about his symptomatology and demonstrating a great deal of guilt for thinking these thoughts.  Speech was of a regular rate, rhythm and normal volume.  His mood he described as alternately guilty and sad.  Affect:  Largely appears guilty and sad, does have numerous moments when he smiled and appeared to have full affect.  No perceptual disturbances identified.  Thought processes perseverative on his guilty feelings and worries.  Thought content: No delusions or paranoia, notable obsessions regarding his girlfriend (worrying about these thoughts of harming his girlfriend) but no other obsessions were identified.  No suicidal or homicidal ideation.  Sensorium and cognition were grossly intact.  Judgment appears good.  Insight moderate.  Impulse control and reliability appears good by history.

COLLATERAL INFORMATION:
Life History Form completed by mother is consistent with the history reported.  Andre has been increasingly anxious and distraught, concerned about thoughts he has had about these feelings with a fear that he cannot control his thoughts or make them go away.  Mother notes that he is crying easily and having trouble forgiving himself for these thoughts.  He reported to his mother "I know the thoughts are preposterous, but they scared me".  Otherwise, the Life History Questionnaire demonstrates no findings of concern.

ASSESSMENT:
Andre is a 15 years of age white male with no known psychiatric history or major medical problems.  He presents for this evaluation after nine days of increasingly worrisome thoughts prompted by reading a book for school.  He believes that he and his girlfriend will be married in the not too distant future.  He is in love with her.  They have been dating for four months.  These thoughts have scared him so much that he feels depressed at this time, and although not concerned that he will act on these thoughts, he is terribly worried that there is something wrong with him.  There appears to be no substance use or abuse and no true psychosis.  He is clearly anxious and troubled.  He has good social support.  He is doing well academically and has a family who clearly loves and supports him.




Patient: Andre Lee
Axis I: Depression with psychosis
Axis II: N/A
Axis III: N/A
Axis IV: command auditory hallucinations instructing patient to kill his girlfriend
Axis V: 85

Andre Lee is a 15 year old Caucasian Male with a family history of depression with psychosis (father), of suicidality (brother), and of paranoid schizophrenia (Mother's and Father's first cousins). As such, his presenting symptoms of extreme sadness and command auditory hallucinations are to be taken into account with full context in mind. That said, Andre has no prior psychiatric history; he has never seen a therapist, never been psychiatrically hospitalized, and has never seen a psychiatrist of been on any medication. Furthermore, during his mental status examination, he had a full affect, and had no delusions, no paranoia, and no suicidal/homicidal ideation. Given that Andre's daily activities, showering, eating, dressing, social activities and schoolwork all remain unchanged over the past nine days - since the beginning of his symptoms - we may assign him a GAF score of 85-90. His social engagements are described as 'quite healthy', and he came to the Child Study Center promptly upon the onset of auditory hallucinations. All of the above are prognostic indicators of a good treatment outcome.
I am hesitant to prescribe any form of treatment for Andre at present, firstly due to the brevity of his symptoms, secondly due to the mildness of his symptoms (they do not, at present, affect his social or academic standing), and thirdly because his parents may not be able to afford costlier forms of treatment; it was reported that they had recently lost their apartment in Manhattan and had to relocate to Queens. Lastly, Andre's symptoms began immediately after reading a novel, "House of the Spirits" by Isabel Allenda, and were unprecedented. As such, no immediate course of treatment seems necessary; if anything, a careful observation of Andre over the next few weeks, with a possible follow-up, would be recommended. If the patient and his parents insist on some form of treatment, a form of psychotherapy (CBT or perhaps DBT) could help Andre better cope with his hallucinations, by improving his reality-testing skills, and help him deal with his feelings of guilt and inferiority. Because no problems were reported with his relationship towards his mother and father, family-based interventions are not indicated. Likewise, because Andre's reality-testing skills appear to be intact, and because no suicidal or homicidal ideation has yet been reported, psychoparm. interventions are unecessary at this time. Similarly unnecessary would be any educational, academic or vocational interventions: Andre's latest grades are some of best he has ever received, and there is nothing to suggest a learning disorder of any kind. If there is a school psychologist that Andre can talk to as needed throughout the school day, I would reccomend that he go see him/her whenever worries about these hallucinations arise. Again, careful, continuing observation of the patient is essential over the next several weeks/months, as his family history casts hallucinations in a particularly worrying light, but that - and CBT/DBT - are the only treatments indicated at this time.
Treatment plan:
1. Observation of Andre by parents & school psychologist (if available), with follow-up calls by psychiatrist at CSC for 3 months
2. 12 week course of CBT if symptoms of psychosis do not improve, plus atypical antipsychotic medication (Risperidone) if suicidal or homicidal ideation presents & persists, or if command auditory hallucinations persist & begin to interfere with patient’s day-to-day functioning